Mega Mover Empire: CHAMBERS OF THE HEART AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION: The walls of the four chambers of the heart are made of cardiac muscle called the myocardium. The chambers are lined with endocardium, simple squamous epithelium that also covers the valves of the heart and continues into the vessels as their lining also known as endothelium. Simple squamousepithelium

The important physical characteristic of the endocardium is not its thinness, but rather its smoothness. This very smooth tissue prevents abnormal blood clotting, because clotting would be initiated by contact of blood with a rough surface.

THE UPPER TWO CHAMBERS: The upper chambers of the heart are the right and left atria, which have relatively thin walls and are separated by a common wall of myocardium called the interatrial septum.

THE LOWER TWO CHAMBERS: The lower chambers are the right and left ventricles, which have thicker walls and are separated by the interventricular septum.

The atria receive blood, either from the body or the lungs, and the ventricles pump blood to either the lungs or the body.

RIGHT ATRIUM: The two large caval veins return blood from the body to the right atrium. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower body. From the right atrium, blood will flow through the right atrioventricular (AV) valve, or tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve is made of three flaps (or cusps) of endocardium reinforced with connective tissue. The general purpose of all valves in the circulatory system is to prevent backflow of blood. The specific purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood is forced behind the three valve flaps, forcing them upward and together to close the valve.

LEFT ATRIUM: The left atrium receives blood from the lungs, by way of four pulmonary veins. This blood will then flow into the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular (AV) valve, also called the mitral valve or bicuspid (two flaps) valve. The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. Another function of the atria is the production of a hormone involved in blood pressure maintenance. When the walls of the atria are stretched by increased blood volume or blood pressure, the cells produce atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), also called atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).

RIGHT VENTRICLE: When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes and the blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery (or trunk). At the junction of this large artery and the right ventricle is the pulmonary semilunar valve. Its three flaps are forced open when the right ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. When the right ventricle relaxes, blood tends to come back, but this fills the valve flaps and closes the pulmonary valve to prevent backflow of blood into the right ventricle. Projecting into the lower part of the right ventricle are columns of myocardium called papillary muscles.

LEFT VENTRICLE: The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than those of the right ventricle, which enables the left ventricle to contract more forcefully. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of the body. At the junction of the aorta and the left ventricle is the aortic semilunar valve (or aortic valve). This valve is opened by the force of contraction of the left ventricle, which also closes the mitral valve. The aortic valve closes when the left ventricle relaxes, to prevent backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle. When the mitral (left AV) valve closes, it prevents backflow of blood to the left atrium; the flaps of the mitral valve are also anchored by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. This is fibrous connective tissue that anchors the outer edges of the valve flaps and keeps the valve openings from stretching. It also separates the myocardium of the atria and ventricles and prevents the contraction of the atria from reaching the ventricles except by way of the normal conduction pathway.

THE HEART AS A TWO SIDED PUMP: From the description of the chambers and their vessels, the heart is really a double, or two-sided, pump. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. Both pumps work simultaneously; that is, both atria contract together, followed by the contraction of both ventricles.

2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CHAMBERS AND CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEART

3. HEART MURMURS

4. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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