1. Explain the cause of the swelling of the different human body parts
2. Describe the difference between systemic and localised edema
Introduction:
Edema is an abnormal increase in the amount of tissue fluid,
which may be localized or systemic. Sometimes edema is inapparent,
and sometimes it is apparent as swelling.
Localized edema follows
injury and inflammation of a body part. I have discussed a lot about inflammation and the drugs used to treat it. You can read more about inflammation from the link in the related below.
Pathophysiology
of edema: Spraining an ankle, for example, damages tissues that
then release histamine. Histamine increases the permeability of
capillaries, and more tissue fluid is formed. As tissue fluid
accumulates, the ankle may become swollen.
Systemic edema: Systemic
edema is the result of an imbalance between the movement of water out
of and into capillaries, that is, between filtration and osmosis.
Excessive filtration will occur when capillary pressure rises. This
may be caused by venous obstruction due to blood clots or by
congestive heart failure. Edema
of this type is often apparent in the lower extremities. Systemic
bacterial infections may increase capillary permeability, and loss of
plasma to tissue spaces is one aspect of septicemia. In this
situation, however, the edema is of secondary importance to the
hypotension, which may be life-threatening.
Insufficient osmosis, the
return of tissue fluid into capillaries, is a consequence of a
decrease in plasma proteins, especially albumin. This may occur in
severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis, kidney disease involving
loss of protein in urine, malnutrition, or severe burn injuries. Because
edema is a symptom rather than a disease, treatment is aimed at
correcting the specific cause. If that is not possible, the volume of
tissue fluid may be diminished by a low-salt diet and the use of
diuretics
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