MEDICAL TERMS

MEDICAL TERMS:  There are many terms that are being used to mean different things in the medical field.  These terms are not specifically English and they originate from different languages across the globe including names of people.  On this page, we are going to look at some of the most commonly used terms in medicine and their meanings 

GINKGO BILOBA FOR DEMENTIA

The seeds and leaves of ginkgo biloba have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. The tree is planted throughout the world, including the United States. In Western medicine, the focus has been on treating depression and memory loss. In Germany, an extract of ginkgo biloba is approved for the treatment of dementia. Ginkgo has been claimed to improve mental functioning and slow the dementia characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. The mechanism of action seems to be related to increasing the blood supply to the brain by dilating blood vessels, decreasing the viscosity of the blood, and modifying the neurotransmitter system. Ginkgo exhibits a very low incidence of side effects; however, it may increase the risk of bleeding in patients taking anticoagulants.

BLOOD DONATION AND THE HUMAN BODY

BLOOD DONATION AND THE HUMAN BODY:  Blood donation and transfusion are some of the most important medical procedures that saves life.  Blood donation, is when about 450ml of whole blood are drawn from a health individual, screened and taken to the blood bank ready to be given to a needy individual.  This is a voluntary activity and it requires a lot of consent because blood can not be bought, we can only exchange it.  On the other hand, blood transfusion is when store stored blood in the blood bank is withdrawn and via the drip, administered to the needy patient.  This is a multi-step process that require extreme carefulness because because the blood to be transfused will always have 100% compatibility to the patient.

PRECAUSIONS OF BLOOD DONATION AND TRANSFUSION:..............

WINDOWS DRIVERS FOR SMARTPHONES AND TOOLS

WINDOWS DRIVERS FOR SMARTPHONES: Windows drivers for smartphones are some of the prerequisites when using android systems.  In order for the Computer to communicate very well with your phone, it may require it to be informed about the microchip it is communicating with.  But it comes so many times that we can not tell the exact type of phone processor we may be dealing with.  Well there are many ways one can know the type and manufacturer of the processor they are running in their smartphones and among the many, I found out two that are easier for me. The first one, is by using the Platform detector, a piece of software that automatically detects your phone's processor type irrespective of whether it is on or off.  To download platform detector, click on the link below.

Download infinity box platform detector setup

From this page you will as well be able to download some of the most common handy tools in installing different software on your smartphone including but not limited to; rooting, installing custom ROMs and installing android apps.

1.  Media tek USB drivers

Download mtk USB VCOM drivers

2.  Samsung drivers

Download Samsung usb drivers for mobile phones

3.  Qualcomm usb drives

Download setup

4.  3utools for iPhones

Download setup

5.  Spreadtrum drivers for windows

Download setup

You can also download spreadtrum frp tool from the link below

Download spreadtrum formatter and frp tool

SMARTPHONE TOOLS DOWNLOAD

1.  Z3X TOOL CRAKED

Download setup

2.  Smart key tool cracked

Download setup

3.  Samsung frp Hijacker

Download setup

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2.  Software download links and video demonstrations

RELIABILITY

 

Introduction:  The reliability of an instrument denotes the consistency of the measures obtained of an attribute, concept, or situation in a study or in clinical practice. Reliability is concerned with the precision, reproducibility, and comparability of a measurement method. An instrument with strong reliability demonstrates consistency in the participant scores obtained, resulting in less measurement error. For example, if you use a scale to measure blood pressures of 100 individuals at two points in time 2 weeks apart, you would expect the individuals' blood pressures to be relatively unchanged from one measurement to the next if the measurement procedures are reliable.

If two data collectors observe the same event and record their observations on a carefully designed data collection instrument, the measurement would be reliable if the recordings from the two data collectors were comparable. The equivalence of their results would indicate the reliability of the measurement technique. If responses vary each time a measure is performed, there is a chance that the instrument is unreliable, meaning that it yields data with a large random error.

Reliability also includes the validity or accuracy of measurement methods. An instrument is valid to the extent that it accurately measures what it was developed to measure. Thus, an instrument must be both reliable and valid to limit measurement error.

RELATED;

1.  Validity

2.  Writing a research proposal

REFERENCES

 

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION

INTRODUCTION:  Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is one of the primary bleeding disorders and the leading cause of death from highly stimulating antigens.

Disseminated = All over

Intravascular = within the circulation

Coagulation = Platelet plug formation.  

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:  In this condition the trigger for immune response is so intense that the body is oversensitised, leading to activation of the coagulation cascade and overconsumption of clotting factors.  This is a condition where the clotting factors in blood are over activated, which lead to formation of micro emboli throughout the circulation, triggering multi-organ dysfunction.  

CAUSES OF DIC:  These are the possible causes of DIC: 

1)  Amniotic fluid embolism as a result of obstetric procedures.  

2)  Air embolism especially during insertion of intravenous lines.  

3)  Invasion by microbes especially Hemorrhagic fever viruses, highly virulent bacteria.  

4)  Simultaneous body tissue injury.

Complications as a result of DIC:  1) Depletion of clotting factors leading to coagulopathies.  

2)  Occlusion of blood microcirculation.

RELATED;

1.  BLOOD CLOTTING

2.  

GINGER

INTRODUCTION: Ginger’s tonic has effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract. The use of ginger also scientifically known as Zingiber officinalis for medicinal purposes dates to antiquity in India and China. The active ingredients of ginger, and those that create its spicy flavor and pungent odor, are located in its roots or rhizomes. It is sometimes standardized according to its active substances, gingerols and shogaols. It is sold in pharmacies as dried ginger root powder, at a dose of 250 to 1,000 mg, and is readily available at most grocery stores for home cooking. It has been shown to stimulate appetite, promote gastric secretions, and increase peristalsis.

Its effects appear to stem from direct action on the GI tract, rather than on the CNS. Ginger is one of the best studied herbs, and it appears to be useful for a number of digestive-related conditions. Its widest use is for treating nausea, including that caused by motion sickness, pregnancy morning sickness, and postoperative procedures.

The herb is as effective as dimenhydrinate and pyridoxine in reducing the nausea that occurs during pregnancy. Ginger may also reduce pain associated with inflammatory processes. Ginger has no toxicity when used at recommended doses.

RELATED;

1.  GARLIC  2.  GRAPES SEED EXTRACT

REFERENCES

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT

INTRODUCTION: A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, is damage to a blood vessel in the brain, resulting in lack of oxygen to that part of the brain. Possible types of vessel damage are thrombosis or hemorrhage. A thrombus is a blood clot, which most often is a consequence of atherosclerosis, abnormal lipid deposits in cerebral arteries.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The rough surface stimulates clot formation, which obstructs the blood flow to the part of the brain supplied by the artery. The symptoms depend on the part of the brain affected and may be gradual in onset if clot formation is slow. Approximately 80% of CVAs are of this type.

Hemorrhagic stroke: A hemorrhage, the result of arteriosclerosis or aneurysm of a cerebral artery, allows blood out into brain tissue, which destroys brain neurons by putting excessive pressure on them as well as depriving them of oxygen. Onset of symptoms in this type of CVA is usually rapid. If, for example, the CVA is in the left frontal lobe, paralysis of the right side of the body will occur. Speech may also be affected if the speech areas are involved. Some CVAs are fatal because the damage they cause is very widespread or affects vital centers in the medulla or pons. For CVAs of the thrombus type, a clot-dissolving drug may help reestablish blood flow. To be effective, however, the drug must be administered within 3 hours of symptom onset. Recovery from a CVA depends on its location and the extent of damage, as well as other factors. One of these is the redundancy of the brain. Redundancy means repetition or exceeding what is necessary; the cerebral cortex has many more neurons than we actually use in daily activities. The characteristic of plasticity means that these neurons are available for use, especially in younger people, less than 50 years of age.

When a patient recovers from a disabling stroke, what has often happened is that the brain has established new pathways, with previously little-used neurons now carrying impulses “full time.” Such recovery is highly individual and may take months. Yet another important factor is that CVA patients be started on rehabilitation therapy as soon as their condition permits.

RELATED;

1. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF STROKE

2. HYPERTENSION

3. BLOOD AND HEMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

REFERENCES

EPIDIDYMITIS

Introduction: Epididymitis is an infection of the epididymis, which usually spreads from an infected urethra, bladder, or prostate. In prepubertal males, older men, and homosexual men, the predominant causal organism is Escherichia coli, although in older men, the condition may also be a result of urinary obstruction. In sexually active men aged 35 years and younger, the pathogens are usually related to bacteria associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Clinical Manifestations: Often slowly develops over 1 to 2 days, beginning with a low-grade fever, chills, and heaviness in the affected testicle. Unilateral pain and soreness in the inguinal canal along the course of the vas deferens. Pain and swelling in the scrotum and groin. There may be discharge from the urethra, blood in the semen, pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria) in the urine, and pain during intercourse and ejaculation. Urinary frequency, urgency, or dysuria, and testicular pain aggravated by bowel movement.

Medical Management: If epididymitis is associated with an STD, the patient’s partner should also receive antimicrobial therapy. If seen within first 24 hours after onset of pain, patient’s spermatic cord may be infiltrated with a local anesthetic agent for relief. Supportive interventions include reduction in physical activity, scrotal support and elevation, ice packs, antiinflammatory agents, analgesics, including nerve blocks, and sitz baths. Observe for abscess formation. Epididymectomy (excision of the epididymis from the testes) may be performed for patients who have recurrent, refractory, incapacitating episodes of this infection.

RELATED;

1.  MEDICINE AND SURGERY

REFERENCES

SELENIUM AND PREVENTION OF CANCER

Selenium is an essential trace element that is necessary to maintain healthy immune function. It is a vital antioxidant, especially when combined with vitamin E. It protects the immune system by preventing the formation of free radicals, which can damage the body. Selenium can be found in meat and grains, Brazil nuts, brewer’s yeast, broccoli, brown rice, dairy products, garlic, molasses, and onions. Low dietary intake of selenium is associated with increased incidence of several cancers, including lung, colorectal, skin, and prostate. Several studies have suggested that selenium is inversely related to cancer risk at several sites.

RELATED;

1.  VITAMIN A  

2.  SEA VEGETABLES  

3.  GARLIC

4.  TRADITIONAL AND COMPLIMENTARY MEDICATIONS

REFERENCES

ALBUM OF PHARMACOLOGY-ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

ALBUM OF PHARMACOLOGY, THERAPETICS AND TOXICOLOGY:  In this discussion, we are going to look at the different routes through which drugs are administered.  Before we continue, if you have not been following us, you can as well read more about dynamics of drugs and classification of drugs from the link below;  Dynamics of drugs and the human body

Classification of drugs

1.  THE ORAL ROUTE:  The oral route is one of the most common route use in drugs and health care.

2.  THE TOPICAL ROUTE

3.  THE INTRAVENOUS ROUTE

4.  THE INTRAMASCULAR ROUTE

5.  THE INTRADERMAL ROUTE

6.  THE SUBLINGUAL ROUTE

7.  THE RECTAL ROUTE:  This is when the drug is inserted into the rectum via the anal canal

8.  PER VAGINAL ROUTE

RELATED;

1.  ALBUM OF ANATOMY

2.   BIOCHEMISTRY

DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN SKIN

DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN SKIN

DOCUMENTS AND PDF READERS

PDF DOCUMENT READERS:  The pdf document format is one of the most popular formats today especially when it comes to textbook.  We are fortunate that nowadays for those running Windows 10 and higher, Microsoft edge which is the default browser is a very very good tool in reading pdfs that I could actually give it 5 star.  However for someone not well versed with Windows 10 and higher some of these tools will be good for you. On this page, get access to some of the best document readers and office suits for windows.

1.  ADOBE READER 11  

2.  FOXIT READER 95 SETUP

3.  WPS OFFICE FOR WINDOWS 10

RELATED;

1.  WINDOWS SOFTWARE DOWNLOAD

2.  ANDROID APPS DOWNLOADS

3.  DOWNLOAD LINKS AND VIDEO DEMONSTRATIONS

4.  FULL USE OF WIMNDOWS INBUILT TOOLS

HOW TO CAPTURE ONSCREEN IMAGES IN WINDOWS

HOW TO CAPTURE ONSCREEN IMAGES IN WINDOWS

YOUTUBE VIDEO ON CAPTURING THE SCREEN IN WINDOWS 10